This is Chapter One of the Wasteland Survival Guide.
http://steamproxy.net/sharedfiles/filedetails/?id=553553264

I will be covering the HUD, but I will be skipping over obvious things (like health bar) and focus on obscure elements. I will then cover combat mechanics on shooting. Melee weapons are self explanatory (seriously you just hit things) so I won’t be covering them also.

Compass
There are three icons that will appear on your compass: Unexplored areas, explored areas and enemies. Unexplored areas will appear as pictures with a white border, but are transparent. Once explored, the transparent areas will be black.

Any hostile enemies on your compass will show up red. If it’s red, shoot it dead. If there is an arrow on top of the red dot, it means that the enemy is above you, and vice versa.

Favourite System
This isn’t too obvious, as it isn’t covered at all and has a different system than previous games. Press Q in the pip boy on a useable item, or weapon, and assign it to a number. Later, when out of the pip boy, you can press F by default to bring up the favourites menu for quick switching mid combat.

Power Armor HUD Elements
Once you wear power armor, various options on the HUD gets replaced and new icons pop up. To get in a suit of power armor, press E and hold E to get out again.

Health Bar
Instead of a typical RPG red bar representing health, the health is represented by a meter from 0% to 100%. This is found on the left side of your screen.

Fusion Core Durability
Power Armor in Fallout 4 follows lore, which means that they run off nuclear power. This is in the form of replaceable fusion cores, which can be found, or bought for around 500 caps per. Sadly, the cores don’t last long, so try not to wear power armor that long, and only bring them to complex firefights.

Armor Durability
Unlike Fallout: New Vegas and Fallout 3, player armor does not need repairing, much like TES:Skyrim. However, specific parts of the power armor can break, which then need to be repaired back at a power armor station. Simply move to a power armor station, between the two yellow bars, get out of the suit and press E on the power station itself to repair and make modifications on your armor. You need aluminium to repair your suit.

If engaging in a firefight, never hesitate to seek out cover, no matter how weak the enemy may seem! More enemies may pop out of nowhere and you may find yourself in a very tight situation very fast.

Always bring multiple guns to a firefight. If you run out of ammo, and you have loads of gun toting enemies firing at you, you will most likely die.

If inside an enemy base, don’t run around everywhere in combat. Find a place and stay in cover. You may attract more enemies, or even trigger an explosive trap.

Veterans may not do this, but for novices it’s a good idea to kill all the baddies in the immediate vicinity before moving to loot.

If you see a mine, or if an explosive is thrown at you, run away like hell, no matter what situation you’re in.

Chemicals
If you weren’t aware yet, chems stand for ‘Chemicals’. The word ‘Chems’, in the wasteland, is constantly used to refer to them. Basic knowledge for chemicals is that they are addictive, have drawbacks, and expensive. If you don’t use them, selling them is a very good idea for caps. However, their use is mostly situational, so it doesn’t help to carry a few on you in case of a very bad situation. There is a perk available that completely removes the addiction mechanic.

Food
There is now a wide range of food available from hunting creatures, and growing crops. Radroach meat, for example, may not look to appealing, as it offers 15 health at the cost of 12 radiation. However, it is a good idea to collect them, as you can cook any meal at the cooking station to completely remove all the radiation in the meal. Carrying lots of cooked food around during your adventures is a good idea, as it is a cheap, rad-free alternative to using expensive stimpaks.

Health and Radiation Recovery
Health can be either recovered with food, using stimpaks, or going to see a doctor. Doctors will charge a fee depending on how injured you are, stimpaks are portable, but expensive, and can heal crippled limbs and food is cheap, but can’t heal crippled limbs. Be sure to be at peak physical condition before heading out and scavenging.

Radiation can be removed by using Rad-Away. To avoid radiation, make sure to cook your food, stay away from radiation hotspots, and if you do need to head into a radiation hotspot, eat some Rad-X, which boosts your radiation resistance temporarily.

Health can be recovered by sleeping.

Addiction
Addiction is what occurs when a user takes too many drugs. If addicted, the user will suffer withdrawal symptoms when the drug wears off. Make sure you're not addicted, and if you are, it's a good idea to see a doctor or take 'Addictol'.

Moving on to methods on killing specific creatures in the wasteland. Use ctrl-f to find a creature and I will attempt to list the weak points and strengths the creature has. Note that this is a work in progress.

Insects

Radroaches
Radroaches have an annoying lunge attack, making them hard to melee if they are aware of your presence. They have very low health, so use a weapon you have lots of ammo for, preferably a pistol, and shoot them. Radroaches are found everywhere, under beds, old houses, everywhere.

Levels are as follows:
Base > Glowing

Bloodbug
Bloodbugs are scary, come in packs, fly much faster than you, and have a very damaging blood sucking attack that triggers an animation, rendering you useless while other creatures attack you. Don’t even think about meleeing these things, simply shoot them. They are very tiny, so spraying shouldn't work. Bloodbugs travel in packs.

Levels are as follows:
Hatchling > Base > Red Widow > Infected > Glowing > Vampiric

Bloatfly
Bloatflies spit an acidic projectile at you, but also have low health. Melee is an option for this creature. Bloatflies travel in packs.

Levels are as follows:
Base > Black > Festering > Glowing

Stingwing
Imagine a bloatfly... now with a giant, poisonous scorpion gland hanging on it's body. Attempt to kill it at range, but these insects travel in packs. Expect more than one with a encounter.

Levels are as follows:
Base > Black > Festering > Glowing

Humans
Basic rules of engaging with humans is to aim for the head. Legs cripple, crippling the arm will impact weapon damage, standard gun play rules.
Feral Ghouls
You may mistake these ghouls as zombies, as they keep moving at you no matter if they lose limbs. Ghouls heal with exposure to radiation, and grow into the 'evolved' version of the base goul, called 'glowing one'. This signifies that they have massive amounts of radiation in their biological storage, and will heal over time. With every hit a ghoul does to a biological life form, they inflict radiation damage.

Levels are as follows =
Base > Roamer > Stalker > Withered > Gangrenous > Charred > Glowing > Putrid Glowing > Putrid Glowing

Super Mutants
Super mutants are intelligent, massive, giant strong creatures that travel in groups. Said groups are typically settled down in an area, signified by hanging, blood/meat bags, or the pungent sent of blood. In the year 2180, a horde of super mutants attempted an attack of Diamond City, demostrating their combat prowess and raider-like lack of kindness. Avoid them wherever possible. Some of these mutnats have 'evolved' into giant forms of themselves, called 'Behemoths". A variant of a regular mutant is the 'suicider mutant', simply being a unarmed super mutant holding a mini nuke, running to enemy combatants and killing themselves with a giant nuclear explosion.

The levels go as such =
Base > Skirmisher > Brute > Enforcer > Master > Overlord > Primus > Warlord > Behemoth >G Glowing Behemoth > Epic Behemoth > Ancient Behemoth

Animals
Yao Guai
The Wasteland variant of the bear. It has lots of health and a powerful melee attack. As always, aim for the head. These animals typically travel solo, being territorial.

The levels go as such =
Stunted > Base > Shaggy > Glowing > Albino > Rabid > Dusky

Mirelurk
The Wasteland variant of the crab. They have a massive shell covering the majority of their body, so aim for their head when they are facing toward you for maximum damage.

The levels go as such =
Hatchling > Spawn > Softshell > Base > Razorclaw > Killclaw > Glowing > King > Queen
Mirelurk Queens are large, dangerous, inflict radiation, regenerate health, and tough. Run away on sight!
Mireluck Kings are shellless creatures, with it's attack being a massive sound blast.

Mole Rat
Very weak mutated mole/rat. Both meleeing or shooting with a shoddy weapon you have lots of ammo for is a good idea.

Levels =
Base > Rabid > Glowing > Brood Mother > Queen

Deathclaw
Their name suggests death already. They have a powerful melee attack capable of one-shotting humans, they can climb and run on all fours. Their scales are resistant to damage, but their weakspot is their belly.

Levels are as follows (oh god) =
Base > Savage > Albino > Chameleon > Glowing > ?? > ?? ?? ?? > Mythic?

Mongrel

Mutant Hounds

Radstag

Radscorpion

Robots
Machinegun Turret Mk1, Mk2, Mk3
Preferably, stay in cover if you are being shot by a turret. They have rather low health.

Protectron
Shoot at the glass holding their brain. Once broken, any shots are critical, making them trivial to deal with.

Eyebot
They have a single laser shot attack, otherwise, shoot them on sight for a good source of circuitry.

Sentry Bot
This thing can soak loads of damage all while shooting all kinds of weapons at you (minigun + rocket launcher). However, they drop fusion cores. The weakspot is the fusion core on the back.

Synth
Synths are classed into three generations, but for all three generations, shoot them in the head. They use energy pistols, making cover essential for fighting large groups of synthetics.

Levels are as follows =
Base > Patroller > Assaulter > Seeker > Strider > Trooper > Leader

I've stopped updating this, so this will remain as is for the time being.