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The solid fraction, which makes up between 40 percent and 60 per cent of the volume of the soil is composed mainly of fragments of rock, ranging in size from boulders and pebbles to the minute pieces that make up clays.
The rest, the pore space, contains either gas or water, the relative amounts varying from time to time.
The gas, or soil air, is like the atmosphere in composition, but contains more carbon dioxide because of the respiration of roots and other living things.
The liquid, or soil water, is not pure. It is a solution that contains minerals and organic substances, some of which can be taken as nutrients by the plant.