Fungal EVs are the lipidic nanoparticles responsible for the intercellular communication and delivery of proteins. They can be decorated with identifying proteins and receptors or left undecorated and can carry many different cargoes to and from cells. They are similar to other EVs used by other kingdoms, with most differences yet to be characterized. Proteomics on fungal EVs can lead to some qualitative observations about the cellular outlook and whether it has access to little or abundant necessary resources. In environments with abundant resources, fungal EVs are more likely to be regulatory or for friendly cells. In environments with little resources, fungal EVs are more likely to be pathogenic in nature or worsen stress on non-friendly cells. Some EVs are specific to pathogenic behaviors in fungal cells, while others are specific to regulatory behaviors. Some correlations in EV size, surface protein presence, and trends can suggest the general intention or cargo of EVs.

Neoschizomers are restriction enzymes that recognize the same nucleotide sequence as their prototype but cleave at a different site. In some special applications this is a very helpful feature.
For example:Prototype MaeII A^CGT produces DNA fragments with a 2-base 5' extension Neoschizomer TaiI ACGT^ produces DNA fragments with a 4-base 3' extension
Prototype ApaI GGGCC^C produces DNA fragments with a 4-base 3' extension Neoschizomer Bsp120I G^GGCCC produces DNA fragments with a 4-base 5' extension
There are also other pairs of neoschizomers. Neoschizomers are a subset of isoschizomers.

(A) Workflow for stable isolated mitochondrial recipient (SIMR) cell generation by mitochondrial transfer into ρ0 cells. (B) Representative fixed and crystal violet stained 10 cm plate image following MitoPunch and SIMR cell selection used for SIMR clone generation quantification. (C) Quantification of crystal violet stained 143BTK– ρ0 and BJ ρ0 SIMR clones. Error bars represent SD of three technical replicates. (D) Quantification of crystal violet stained 143BTK– ρ0 and BJ ρ0 SIMR clones formed by MitoPunch actuated with indicated voltages after uridine-free selection. Error bars represent SD of three technical replicates with the exception of BJ ρ0 5 V transfer, which shows two replicates. (E) Quantification of crystal violet stained 143BTK– ρ0 and BJ ρ0 SIMR clones formed by MitoCeption with indicated centripetal forces after uridine-free selection. Error bars represent SD of three technical replicates.

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