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(2) Road to Tula

The region of Tula represented a thorn in the paw of Operation Typhoon - the German offensive targeting Moscow’s weaker outlying settlements, to enable them to surround and overwhelm the capital. Kalinin and Kaluga, cities on Moscow’s southern flank had already fallen, but as the winter of 1941 rolled in, the road to Tula only became stronger. Defences around Tula were erected in frozen dirt, turning villages and farms into minefields and killzones. The outskirts of Tula changed hands continuously from October into January, claiming hundreds of vehicles and thousands of lives.