(Everything is about default settings)
A day-night cycle in rust is 1 hour of which 45 minutes are day and 15 minutes are night.

Dropped item will despawn after 10 minutes.

Survey charge crater despawns after 30 minutes.

Airdrops are dropped at somewhat random intervals which is usually every hour. They despawn after 2 hours(haven't tested that myself).

Helicopters also appear at random intervals which is usually 2-3 hours.

I estimate sprinting player speed at ~20 km/h.

There are three *fuel* items: wood, low grade fuel, crude oil. Only first 2 are actually usable as fuel, while crude oil is convertable to low grade fuel at 1 crude oil to 3 low grade fuel ratio(by being refined using wood as fuel).

Wood is fuel for campfires, furnaces, large furnaces, refineries.

Low grade fuel is fuel for automated quarries and pumpjacks.

Crude oil is what pumpjacks can extract at rate(tried world spawned pumpjacks) of 1 low grade fuel to 1 crude oil(tripling low grade fuel after being refined).

Campfires, furnaces, refineries, quarries are all different:

*Wood roasting/smelting processes are like multiple fueled flows that go together, limited by number of slots usable in campfire/furnace/refinery.

Campfire - seems to burn wood at rate of 3 per 10 seconds, it can roast meat each 3 wood burned. It has 5 slots which means using 1 slot for fuel(wood) it can roast up to 4 other slots at same time. If you stuff all 4 slots with meat it(with charcoal) will be thrown out of campfire when ready - bypassing whole game mechanic of meat getting burned(duh!) and letting you get 4 meats for just 3 wood and 10 seconds. If you want no items dropped out, using same meat type and leaving 2 free slots for charcoal and one meat type will let you save it inside, however that would be twice less effective and meat can burn and burned meat will be dropped out of campfire.

Furnace/large furnace - they burn wood at same rate of 2 seconds per 1 wood. The difference between them is that latter has a lot more maximum efficiency possible because of 18 slots compared to 6 of normal furnace. Furnace can burn 5 slots at most(dropping out products), but large furnace can burn up to 17 slots at most. If same ore type is used you have to free 2 slots for desired product and also charcoal to save everything inside - which leaves furnace with just 3 slots, but large furnace with 15 slots. Different things are smelted at different 'costs' which is 5 wood per metal ore(10 seconds), 5 wood per 2 sulfur ore(10 seconds), 10 wood per high quality metal ore(20 seconds), 15 wood per junk like can of tuna (30 seconds). All ores are smelted into 1 product per 1 ore, but can of tuna would leave 10 metal fragments. All this means using a stack of wood(1000) you could smelt 200 metal ore/400 sulfur ore/100 high quality metal ore per slot used, which means if you save everything inside you can smelt 600 metal ore for 1000 wood(or up to 1 metal for 1 wood if you use all 5 slots), but 5 times more of anything if you use large furnace.

Refineries - seem to burn 7(this doesn't seem to be exact) wood per 1 crude oil refined, it doesn't leave charcoal. This means you can refine 5 crude oil into 15 low grade fuel for 7 wood.

Quarries and pumpjacks - seem to use 1 low grade fuel for 10 seconds of work. World spawned quarries seemed to give 50 high quality ore, 500 sulfur ore, 500 metal ore, 2500 stone for stack(500) of low grade fuel.

*Unlike in legacy rust tools do clearly determine how much stuff you get out of something

1 proper tree(this includes decently thick palm trees) seems to give 628 wood when cut by hatchet.

The most important thing there is that 'hatchet'

is best tool there(for animals probably too), while

'salvaged axe'


IS BAD.

'Salvaged' tools have very poor durability and bring LESS materials.

Hatchet during its lifetime can gather 29790 wood, while salvaged axe would gather(and just something around 500 per tree) merely 6794(stone hatchet is close to this with a bit less wood).

There are three types of resource rocks:
POOR ROCK

which(when mined by stone pickaxe) seems to bring 1 high quality metal ore(HQMO), 380 stones, 22 sulfur ore and 79 metal ore.

SULFUR ROCK

which seems to being 1 HQMO, 384 stones, 40 metal ore and 155 sulfur ore.

HIGH QUALITY METAL ROCK

which seems to bring 3 HQMO, 388 stones, 21 sulfur ore and 388 metal ore.

Again,

Pickaxe is great(would give more somewhat more resources than stone pickaxe), but
salvaged icepick

IS BAD. (it even gives 1 less HQMO on high quality metal rocks)

Just look at how much they can mine:
Stone pickaxe (*almost* 6 high quality metal rocks, 3 sulfur rocks, 3 poor rocks)

Pickaxe (*almost* 11 high quality metal rocks, 5 sulfur rocks, 5 poor rocks)

Salvaged icepick (let's say 4.5 high quality rocks(5th rock broke it very soon), 3 sulfur rocks, 3 poor rocks)

Levels are gained by gaining some amount of cumulative XP points. The formula for full points needed is xp=(level*2-1).

I measured approximate time for 1 xp point to be gained when mining rocks/chopping trees. With hatchet it takes around 24 hits to fell a tree, it takes 97 hits for xp point to be gained. I used stone pickaxe for rocks which needs much the same amount of hits per rock, but you could say it gives twice more xp, because it took something like 53 hits to gain xp point. However only trees are extremely reliable to be chopped non stop. If there would be absolutely no stops for anything in hitting stuff - it would take something like 60 seconds to reach get xp point by chopping with hatchet or 30 seconds to get it by mining with stone pickaxe. I also tested salvaged axe for this and it wasn't giving any boost to speed, it even breaks a lot faster and gives less wood.

Thus more realistic time(probably spent on at least running between trees) is 1 minute 30 seconds to gain 1 xp point. Let's call this TGT(tree genocide time).

Here's a table of needs for leveling until 36(37) lvl, where:
XP is full xp points to be gained to gain level above
XPC is cumulative value of them for this level
TGTC is cumulative tree genocide time needed to reach this level
Time is in minutes

...1944 minutes is over 32 hours

Results from testing:
Let's take 1 wall height(which is also length and same as of floors and so on it seems?) as '1 tile'
then
sprinting and jumping from
no height advantage - 1 tile jump length - no dmg taken
1 tile height - 1.5 tile jump length - no dmg taken
2 tile height - 2 tile jump length - 22 dmg taken
3 tile height - 2.5 tile jump length - 41 dmg taken
4 tile height - still pretty much 2.5 tile jump length - 60 dmg taken
5 tile height - still pretty much 2.5 tile jump length - 75 dmg taken
6 tile height - 3 tile jump length - 89 dmg taken
7 tile height - still pretty much 3 tile jump length - wounded and thus dead

building stability limitations seem to allow only 1 tile into building blocked zone from siege tower

tool cupboard has blocking radius of 8 tiles or maybe 8.5 actual tiles which from center of a tile would be 8 tile radius into outside tiles

1 tile tower access + 3 tile maximum jump length = 4 out of 8 tiles building blocked zone bypass

Conclusion: if building is blocked 5 tiles away from some point, it has no simple natural climbable obstacles nearby - it is not climbable by 'raid towers' or otherwise. As extra defense - tool cupboard at higher spot could deny attacker extra 1 tile bypass from tower, which reduces requirement for a safe zone to 4 tiles.

Wood harvest:
Stone - 28 hits, 275 wood, 10 per hit
Bone Club - 34 hits, 309 wood, 9 per hit
Hatchet - 16 hits, 459 wood, 30 per hit
Salvaged axe - 15 hits, 750 wood, 50 per hit

! Now rock harvesting might have small differences in yield for unknown reasons !

Rich boulder harvest:
Stone - 52 hits, 2 HQ ore, 240 stones, 12 sulfur ore, 243 metal ore OR possibly 243 stones/240metal ore
Stone pickaxe - 26 hits, 3 HQ ore, 388 stones, 21 sulfur ore, 388 metal ore
Pickaxe - 19 hits, 3 HQ ore, 496 stones, 25 sulfur ore, 503 metal ore
Bone club(just for lulz) - 72 hits, 2 HQ ore, 272 stones, 15 sulfur ore, 272 metal ore
Salvaged icepick - 3 HQ ore, 501 stones, 25 sulfur ore, 501 metal ore

Sulfur boulder harvest:
Stone - 52 hits, NO HQ ore, 264 stones, 106 sulfur ore, 26 metal ore
Stone pickaxe - 26 hits, 1 HQ ore, 384 stones, 155 sulfur ore, 40 metal ore
Pickaxe - 20 hits, 1 HQ ore, 499 stones, 200 sulfur ore, 50 metal ore
Salvaged icepick - 12 hits, 1 HQ ore, 499 stones, 200 sulfur ore, 50 metal ore

Poor boulder harvest:
Stone - 52 hits, NO HQ ore, 243 stones, 15 sulfur ore, 51 metal ore
Stone pickaxe - 25 hits, 1 HQ ore, 380 stones, 22 sulfur ore, 79 metal ore
Pickaxe - 19 hits, 1 HQ ore, 506 stones, 25 sulfur ore, 101 metal ore
Salvaged icepick - 12 hits, 1 HQ ore, 503 stones, 25 sulfur ore, 100 metal ore
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Animals section :
Horse(big fast chicken with mane) harvest:
Stone - check deer
Bone knife - check deer
Stone hatchet - check deer
Hatchet - 10 hits, 25 cloth, 50 leather, 10 animal fat, 50 bone fragments, 5 chicken meat
Salvaged axe - 10 hits, 18 cloth, 37 leather, 8 animal fat, 37 bone fragments, 4 chicken meat

Boar harvest:
Stone - 7 hits, 5 cloth, 14 leather, 21 animal fat, 31 bone fragments, 4 pork
Bone knife - probably like hatchet
Stone hatchet - ?
Hatchet - 11 hits, 10 cloth, 20 leather, 39 animal fat, 49 bone fragments, 8 pork

Bear harvest:
Stone - 8 hits, 29 cloth, 50 leather, 50 animal fat, 87 bone fragments, 10 bear meat
Bone knife - probably like hatchet
Stone hatchet - 9 hits, 36 cloth, 62 leather, 62 animal fat, 91 bone fragments, 13 bear meat
Hatchet - 9 hits, 50 cloth, 100 leather, 100 animal fat, 149 bone fragments, 19 bear meat

Deer(big chicken with horns) harvest:
Stone - 7 hits, 18 cloth, 29 leather, 5 animal fat, 29 bone fragments, 2 chicken meat
Bone knife - 12 hits, 25 cloth, 50 leather, 10 animal fat, 50 bone fragments, 5 chicken meat
Stone hatchet - 10 hits, 15 cloth, 30 leather, 7 animal fat, 30 bone fragments, 3 chicken meat
Hatchet - 10 hits, 25 cloth, 50 leather, 10 animal fat, 50 bone fragments, 5 chicken meat

Actual chicken(griffon?) harvest:
"A mythical beast of legends, it stares back at you with blood filled eyes and froth around the beak."
not found on surface, might need archeological dig organization(impossible)

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Planted stuff, crops - are weird; sprout probably at 30 min(that is supposed to be half of rust day) since planting, hemp is harvestable likely in 90(that is supposed to be day and half in rust) minutes, hemp differed in size(and 5 or 10 cloth yield) and didn't yield seeds; at this point corn showed up but wasn't harvestable

then probably at 2 hours 30 minutes(2 rust days and half) corn seemed to be fully grown up(but there might be random factor as some wasn't yet harvestable); pumpkin was also harvestable; corn yielded 2 unit packs that had no seeds; pumpkin seemed to grow a bit over 1 unit pack but that might have been exactly just 1 technically, it also gave no seeds