The main reason for the guide, was to provide some valuable information about the amount of proteins and fat you get from the meat. And if it's worth it to carry 30 pounds of Tapir meat, five minutes through the jungle back to your camp, to put it on the dryer. Or just eat it raw and add a few mushrooms to kill the parasites.
This guide doesn't contains human meat, plants, or mushrooms. Maybe I'll add them later.

One of the safest ways to prepare your food is to boil it, in a coconut bowl or tortoise shell. You will see what your meal contains as soon as it's ready, without testing it. It's faster than roasting the meat over a fire or drying it, except insects, and you can eat/drink with dirty hands without getting parasites.
Another benefit of soup, it seems there is no decay of liquids, yet. But you can't carry them around.

The focus is on animals only, for now.
I sorted them in their biological order, at least I hope so. Starting with their name and a mug shot, followed by the nutrition table. I had a lot of fun cooking and eating all those creatures, getting parasites or food poisoning, so enjoy reading it.

bon appetit...

Maggots can be harvested from spoiled meat and used to treat infected wounds, or as bait for fishing.
Larva can be harvested from spoiled fruit and used for fishing too. All spiders and the scorpion are poisonous by contact, watch your step. Best use for insects, is to place them into traps to speed up the process.
Some insects have food poisoning zero, that means there is still food poisoning, just level zero. So, he will vomit once and lose some hydration.

Ash can be harvested from the burned spider and combined with leaf bandages.

Discus and Angelfish can be ignored as food source, but the bigger fish are cooked a good energy source for longer journeys. Stingrays love to swim around in creeks and small lakes. They are sometimes very hard to see and will, as the name says, sting you a bit. They are poisonous and can ruin your day. Fish bones can be harvested from Peacock, Piranha and Arowana, and used to remove worms or to craft fishing hooks.
Prawns can only be caught with traps and crabs are incredibly fast, you will probably lose more energy hunting, than you get back from eating them.
All sea creatures except the prawn will give you parasites or food poisoning if you eat them raw.

The most dangerous creature here is probably the Poison Dart Frog. Accidentally or intentionally grabbed, it will give you a nice poisoning and a very warm fever, that will cook you in seconds. At low health, you'll have seconds, maybe a minute before you pass out and fade away.
The Black Caiman is slow, but he can bite. His wounds are nasty and give you quite a bleeding.
The Rattlesnake will give you a fair warning if you come too close, mostly.

Good source for feathers, to craft arrows. Don't bother shooting them down, they're dropping like flies. You can find dead birds everywhere in the jungle.

Finally. Mammal meat, the good stuff. Most mammals are a great source for protein and fat, but their meat is incredibly heavy. Harvesting a bigger mammal can instantly overload you with 30 pounds of meat and 15 pounds of bones. You better block the space in your inventory and only pick what you need, or else you spend a minute to drop what you don't need, making you a perfect target for other predators or tribesman. Very long cooking times. Let's make a soup.

Enjoy your meal and stay healthy.