[UPDATE LOG]
2019/8/18: Added comparison plot for KT VS IS2, T-34/85 AP VS APCR, and Sherman 75,T-34/76 VS PanzerIV. Added data for T-34/76 ,T-34/85 and ISU-152.
[INTRO]
Thanks to the Penetration Chance VS Penetration-Armor Difference table I obtained before(here is the link: https://steamproxy.net/sharedfiles/filedetails/?id=1826108545), I can now derive the penetration value based on the chance of penetration as various distance.

The following data is valid as of patch 1.5(2019/8/16) and will most likely remain valid as long as Eugen do not change penetration data for those popular tanks like T-34, Tiger, etc.

NOTICE: The penetration in this game is discrete instead of continuous, meaning the penetration value will increase in STEPS with decreasing distance. For example, the King Tiger's 88mm gun's penetration value is 155mm for distance from 2000m to 1921m. When the distance go to 1920m, the penetration value suddenly increase one step to 160mm.

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*In the tables below, the distance values are all UPPER bound distance for each step of penetration values.*
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Here is a quick summary of the information in "penetration chance VS penetration-armor-thickness difference table". It should help you better understand the penetration values in this guide.

for the following penetration-armor-thickness difference:

-15mm or lower is horrific(28% or lower chance of penetration)

-10mm is bad(36% chance of penetration, penetration is 10mm lower than the armor).

-5 to 5 mm is ok(45% to 64% chance of penetration, penetration is in 5mm variation from the armor).

10mm is good(72% chance of penetration, penetration is 10mm higher than the armor).

15mm or higher is excellent(79% or higher chance of penetration)

for example, for the IS-2's 122mm gun at 2000m(penetration 135mm) against King Tiger(frontal armor 180mm), the penetration-armor difference is 135mm-180mm=-45mm, which is horrific(28% or lower chance of penetration--> precisely 1% according to the table).

However, at 850m(penetration 190mm), the penetration-armor difference is 190mm-180mm=10mm, which is good(72% chance of penetration)!.