马蒂亚斯，如果你翻译这个，操你











THIS IS WHY UKRAINE SHOULDN'T EXIST TODAY

Ancient Russia traces its roots to the 9th century with the establishment of Kievan Rus. Legend has it that Rurik, a Varangian chieftain, founded the Rurik Dynasty and became the first ruler of Kievan Rus in the late 9th century. Rurik's leadership laid the foundation for a centralized state.

Yaroslav the Wise, Rurik's grandson, ruled Kievan Rus from 1019 to 1054. Yaroslav expanded the realm, implemented legal reforms, and promoted education and culture. His efforts earned Kiev recognition as a significant European center.

However, after Yaroslav's death, internal strife weakened Kievan Rus, and the Mongol invasion in the 13th century brought further upheaval. The Golden Horde, led by Batu Khan, subjugated the region, marking the beginning of Mongol dominance.

The struggle for independence continued, with Moscow emerging as a powerful principality. Ivan III, also known as Ivan the Great, married the Byzantine princess Sophia Palaiologina and adopted the title of Tsar, symbolizing the claim to the Byzantine legacy. This marked the transition from the Grand Duchy of Moscow to the Tsardom of Russia.

Ivan IV, or Ivan the Terrible, succeeded Ivan III in 1547. Despite his early achievements, his later reign was marked by erratic behavior and brutal policies, including the Oprichnina, a period of state-sponsored terror.

The Time of Troubles in the early 17th century brought chaos and foreign invasions, leading to the establishment of the Romanov Dynasty in 1613. Michael Romanov became the first Tsar of the new dynasty, stabilizing Russia.

Under Peter the Great (1682-1725), Russia underwent significant Westernization and modernization. He founded the city of St. Petersburg, introduced administrative reforms, and expanded the military, transforming Russia into a major European power.

The 18th century witnessed the reign of Catherine the Great (1762-1796), an enlightened ruler who expanded the empire, promoted culture, and embraced European ideas. Her reign marked the zenith of imperial Russia.

The 19th century saw Russia involved in wars and territorial expansions. The Crimean War (1853-1856) exposed weaknesses, and the emancipation of serfs in 1861 aimed at modernization. Despite these reforms, discontent grew, eventually leading to the Russian Revolution of 1917 and the fall of the Romanov Dynasty.

The end of the Russian Empire came with the abdication of Nicholas II in 1917, paving the way for the establishment of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic and the subsequent formation of the Soviet Union.

jk
















































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