Recent reviews by MmExsMeChe

El conflicto es una situación en la cual dos o más personas con intereses distintos entran en confrontación, oposición o emprenden acciones mutuamente antagonistas, con el objetivo de dañar, eliminar a la parte rival o arrebatarle poder de algún tipo en favor de la propia persona o grupo.

La dopamina es el neurotransmisor catecolaminérgico más importante del Sistema Nervioso Central (SNC) de los mamíferos y participa en la regulación de diversas funciones como la conducta motora, la emotividad y la afectividad así como en la comunicación neuroendócrina.

La diferencia fundamental entre una espada y una katana, era la forma en que era llevada por los guerreros: la Tachi se colgaba del cinturón ("obi") con el filo cortante hacia abajo, mientras que la Katana se colocaba con el filo hacia arriba.

A sect is a subgroup of a religious, political, or philosophical belief system, usually an offshoot of a larger group. Although the term was originally a classification for religious separated groups, it can now refer to any organization that breaks away from a larger one to follow a different set of rules and principles. Sects are usually created due to perception of heresy by the subgroup and/or the larger group.

World War I or the First World War, often abbreviated as WWI or WW1, was a major global conflict that began on 28 July 1914 and ended on 11 November 1918. Referred to by contemporaries as the "Great War", its belligerents included much of Europe, the Russian Empire, the United States, and the Ottoman Empire, with fighting taking place across Europe, the Middle East, Africa and parts of Asia. New technology, including the recent invention of the airplane, trench warfare, and especially chemical weapons made it one of the deadliest conflicts in history. An estimated 9 million soldiers died in combat, with another 5 million civilian deaths as a result of military actions, hunger and disease. Millions more died in genocides within the Ottoman Empire and the 1918 influenza pandemic, which was exacerbated by the movement of combatants during the war.

By 1914, the European great powers were divided between the Triple Entente, comprising France, Russia, and Britain, and the Triple Alliance, containing Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy. Tensions in the Balkans came to a head on 28 June 1914 following the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand, the Austro-Hungarian heir, by Gavrilo Princip, a Bosnian Serb. Austria-Hungary blamed Serbia, which led to the July Crisis, an unsuccessful attempt to avoid conflict through diplomacy. Russia came to Serbia's defence following Austria-Hungary's declaration of war on the latter on 28 July, and by 4 August, the system of alliances drew in Germany, France, and Britain, along with their respective colonies, although Italy remained neutral. In November 1914 the Ottoman Empire, Germany, and Austria-Hungary formed the Central Powers, while in April 1915, Italy joined Britain, France, Russia and Serbia as the Allies of World War I.

Facing a war on two fronts, German strategy in 1914 was to concentrate its forces on defeating France in six weeks before moving them to the Eastern Front and doing the same to Russia. However, the German offensive in France failed to achieve this and by the end of 1914, the two sides faced each other along the Western Front, a continuous series of trench lines stretching from the English Channel to Switzerland that changed little until 1917. By contrast, the Eastern Front was far more fluid, with Austria-Hungary and Russia gaining, then losing large swathes of territory. Other significant theatres included the Middle Eastern Theatre, the Italian Front, and the Balkans Theatre, drawing Bulgaria, Romania, and Greece into the war.

By the end of 1915, both Russia and Austria-Hungary had suffered enormous casualties in the East, while Allied offensives against the Ottomans and on the Western Front ended in failure. A major German attack on Verdun in 1916 and a British offensive on the Somme also achieved little other than large numbers of casualties on both sides, while a Russian offensive in the East ground to a halt after some initial success. By early 1917, Russia was on the verge of revolution while the failure of the 1917 Nivelle Offensive and equally costly British attacks in Flanders meant by now all sides were increasingly short of manpower and subject to economic stress.

Shortages caused by the Allied naval blockade had led Germany to initiate unrestricted submarine warfare in early 1917, bringing the previously-neutral United States into the war on 6 April 1917. In Russia, the Bolsheviks seized power in the 1917 October Revolution and exited the war with the March 1918 Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, freeing up a large number of German troops. By transferring these to the Western Front, the German General Staff hoped to win a decisive victory before the arrival of significant American reinforcements and took the offensive in March 1918. Despite initial success, it was soon halted by heavy casualties and ferocious defence; in August, the Allies launched the Hundred Days Offensive and although the Imperial German Army continued to fight hard, it could only slow the advance, not stop it.[6]

Towards the end of 1918, the Central Powers began to collapse; Bulgaria signed an armistice on 29 September, followed by the Ottomans on 31 October, then Austria-Hungary on 3 November. Isolated, facing the German Revolution at home and a military on the verge of mutiny, Kaiser Wilhelm abdicated on 9 November, and the new German government signed the Armistice of 11 November 1918, bringing the conflict to a close. The Paris Peace Conference of 1919–1920 imposed various settlements on the defeated powers, with the best-known of these being the Treaty of Versailles. The dissolution of the Russian, German, Ottoman, and Austro-Hungarian empires led to numerous uprisings and the creation of independent states, including Poland, Czechoslovakia, and Yugoslavia. For reasons that are still debated, failure to manage the instability that resulted from this upheaval during the interwar period ended with the outbreak of World War II in September 1939.

En la filosofía china, el taoísmo y en la medicina china se llama qì a una cualidad intangible de todo ser vivo. El concepto se define como "flujo de energía vital". El término está extendido también en otros países de Extremo Oriente como Corea, Japón y otros, siendo frecuente su transcripción como chí o chi'i

El desmembramiento o descuartizamiento es una forma de ejecución en la cual se le desprende los miembros del cuerpo a la víctima. Esta sufre primero esguinces; continuando con el sistema óseo y finalmente con la pérdida del miembro.

The dissolution of the Soviet Union (1988–1991) was the process of internal political, economic and ethnic disintegration within the USSR which resulted in the end of its existence as a sovereign state. It was an unintended result of General Secretary Mikhail Gorbachev's effort to reform the Soviet political and economic system, in an attempt to end the Era of Stagnation. In late 1991, the leaders of three of the Union's founding and largest republics (the Russian SFSR, the Ukrainian SSR and the Byelorussian SSR) declared that the Soviet Union no longer existed, and eight more republics joined them shortly thereafter. Gorbachev had to resign his office as president and what was left of the parliament to formally acknowledge the Union's collapse as a fait accompli.

The process began with growing unrest in the Union's various constituent national republics developing into an incessant political and legislative conflict between them and the central government. Estonia was the first Soviet republic to declare state sovereignty inside the Union in 1988. Lithuania was the first republic to declare independence from the USSR in the Act of March 11, 1990 (not counting the autonomy of Nakhchivan, which had declared independence from both the USSR and the Azerbaijan SSR a few weeks earlier, later rejoining Azerbaijan).

The failure of the 1991 August Coup, when communist hardliners and military elites tried to overthrow Gorbachev and stop the failing reforms, led to the government in Moscow losing most of its influence, and many republics proclaiming independence in the following days and months. The secession of the Baltic states was recognized in September 1991. The Belovezh Accords were arbitrarily signed on December 8 by President Boris Yeltsin of the Russian SFSR, President Kravchuk of Ukraine, and Chairman Shushkevich of Belarus, recognising each other's independence and creating the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) instead of the Soviet Union. Kazakhstan was the last nation to leave the Union, proclaiming independence on December 16. All the republics, with the exception of Georgia and the Baltics, joined the CIS on December 21, signing the Alma-Ata Protocol.

On December 25, Gorbachev resigned and turned over his presidential powers—including control of the nuclear launch codes—to Yeltsin, who was the president of the Russian Federation until 1999. That evening at 7:32 p.m., the Soviet red banner was lowered from the Kremlin for the last time and replaced with the Russian tricolour flag. The following day, the Declaration 142-Н of the Supreme Soviet's upper chamber, the Soviet of the Republics, recognised self-governing independence for the former Soviet republics, formally dissolving the Union. Both the Revolutions of 1989 in the Eastern Bloc and the dissolution of the Soviet Union marked the end of the Cold War.

In the aftermath of the Cold War, several of the former Soviet republics have retained close links with Russia and formed multilateral organizations such as CSTO, the CIS, the Eurasian Economic Community, the Union State, the Eurasian Customs Union, and the Eurasian Economic Union, for economic and military cooperation. On the other hand, the Baltic states and most of the former Warsaw Pact states became part of the European Union and joined NATO, while some of the other former Soviet republics like Ukraine, Georgia and Moldova have been publicly expressing interest in following the same path since the 1990s.

La guerra contra el terrorismo o guerra al terror es una campaña liderada por los Estados Unidos, apoyada por varios miembros de la OTAN y otros aliados, con el fin declarado de acabar con el terrorismo internacional, eliminando sistemáticamente a los denominados grupos terroristas, considerados así por la Organización de las Naciones Unidas,​ y a todos aquellos sospechosos de pertenecer a estos grupos, y poniéndole fin al supuesto patrocinio del terrorismo por parte de Estados. Esta ofensiva internacional fue lanzada bajo la administración de George W. Bush tras los ataques terroristas del del septiembre del 2001 en Nueva York y Washington D. C., realizados por Al Qaeda, convirtiéndose en parte central de la política exterior e interna de esa administración en torno a los países integrados en el llamado eje del mal. Según las informaciones aparecidas en diversos medios (The New York Times, The Guardian o Rolling Stone), el sucesor de Bush, Barack Obama, inició una «guerra secreta» contra el terrorismo, autorizando ataques con drones contra supuestos dirigentes y militantes de Al Qaeda y grupos yihadistas asociados, en Yemen, Somalia y Pakistán.​ El Estado Islámico es el único Estado no reconocido que participa en la guerra.
La guerra no solo se libra en Oriente Medio con el correr del tiempo desde el atentado del World Trade Center de 1993, las embajadas estadounidenses de 1998, los atentados del 11 de septiembre de 2001 contra el World Trade Center y la Masacre en la discoteca Pulse de 2016 (Orlando, EE. UU.), pasando por los atentados del 11 de marzo de 2004 en Madrid (España), seguido por los atentados en el Reino Unido como los atentados en julio de 2005 en Londres y los 7 de julio y 21 de julio además del Atentado de Mánchester de 2017, en Francia los Atentados contra Charlie Hebdo y Atentados de París de noviembre de 2015, entre otros como el Atentado contra el Hotel Marriott de Islamabad en Pakistán, los atentados de Bombay de 2008 entre otros graves cambiaron el concepto de que supuestamente se vivía seguro en el mundo occidental.​Fuentes han especulado que la guerra contra el terrorismo se trata de la Tercera Guerra Mundial.

The Vietnam War (Vietnamese: Chiến tranh Việt Nam), also known as the Second Indochina War, was a conflict in Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia from 1 November 1955 to the fall of Saigon on 30 April 1975. It was the second of the Indochina Wars and was officially fought between North Vietnam and South Vietnam. North Vietnam was supported by the Soviet Union, China, and other communist allies; South Vietnam was supported by the United States, South Korea, the Philippines, Australia, Thailand, and other anti-communist allies.The war, considered a Cold War-era proxy war by some,] lasted almost 20 years, with direct U.S. involvement ending in 1973, and included the Laotian Civil War and the Cambodian Civil War, which ended with all three countries becoming communist states in 1975.

The conflict emerged from the First Indochina War between the French colonial government and a left-wing revolutionary movement, the Viet Minh. After the French military withdrawal from Indochina in 1954, the US assumed financial and military support for the South Vietnamese state. The Việt Cộng (VC), also known as Front national de libération du Sud-Viêt Nam or NLF (the National Liberation Front), a South Vietnamese common front under the direction of North Vietnam, initiated a guerrilla war in the south. North Vietnam had also invaded Laos in the mid-1950s in support of insurgents, establishing the Ho Chi Minh Trail to supply and reinforce the Việt Cộng.  U.S. involvement escalated under President John F. Kennedy through the MAAG program, from just under a thousand military advisors in 1959 to 23,000 in 1964.  By 1963, the North Vietnamese had sent 40,000 soldiers to fight in South Vietnam.

In the Gulf of Tonkin incident in early August 1964, a U.S. destroyer was alleged to have clashed with North Vietnamese fast attack craft. In response, the U.S. Congress passed the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution and gave President Lyndon B. Johnson broad authority to increase American military presence in Vietnam. Johnson ordered the deployment of combat units for the first time and increased troop levels to 184,000.[64] The People's Army of Vietnam (PAVN) (also known as the North Vietnamese Army or NVA) engaged in more conventional warfare with U.S. and South Vietnamese forces. Despite little progress, the United States continued a significant build-up of forces. U.S. Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara, one of the principal architects of the war, began expressing doubts of victory by the end of 1966.  U.S. and South Vietnam forces relied on air superiority and overwhelming firepower to conduct search and destroy operations, involving ground forces, artillery, and airstrikes. The U.S. also conducted a large-scale strategic bombing campaign against North Vietnam and Laos. North Vietnam was backed by China and the Soviet Union.